Thanks for your feedback so far. I have tested a little further. On iOS I can add the Mail Account but cannot sync Mails either. I have letsencrypt certs for my reverse proxy.
I can Access the https://myserver.domain.tld/Microsoft-Server-ActiveSync URL with my browser and can authenticate against it.

I had the same Configuration with Kopano z-push and it worked. I have tried to adapt some settings according to a post i found in this forum.
<IfModule mod_ssl.c><VirtualHost *:443>
Protocols http/1.1ServerAdmin me@domain.tld
ServerName server.domain.tldHeader always set X-Frame-Options SAMEORIGIN Header set Server ApacheRequestHeader unset Expect early RequestHeader edit Transfer-Encoding Chunked chunked earlyRequestHeader unset Accept-Encoding TimeOut 1800DocumentRoot /var/www/html
SSLProxyEngine OnProxyPass /Microsoft-Server-ActiveSync https://server.domain.tld:443/Microsoft-Server-ActiveSync connectiontimeout=900
ProxyPassReverse /Microsoft-Server-ActiveSync https://internalserver.domain.tld:443/Microsoft-Server-ActiveSync
ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/sync_error.logCustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/sync_access.log combined
SSLEngine on
SSLCertificateFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/server.domain.tld/cert.pem SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/server.domain.tld/privkey.pemSSLCertificateChainFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/server.domain.tld/chain.pem
SSLCACertificatePath /etc/ssl/certs/SSLCACertificateFile /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt
<IfModule mod_deflate.c> SetOutputFilter DEFLATESetEnvIfNoCase Request_URI .(?:gif|jpe?g|ico|png)$ \ no-gzip dont-vary SetEnvIfNoCase Request_URI \.(?:exe|t?gz|zip|bz2|sit|rar)$ \no-gzip dont-varySetEnvIfNoCase Request_URI .pdf$ no-gzip dont-vary BrowserMatch ^Mozilla/4 gzip-only-text/htmlBrowserMatch Mozilla/4.0[678] no-gzip BrowserMatch \bMSIE !no-gzip !gzip-only-text/html</IfModule> <FilesMatch "\.(cgi|shtml|phtml|php)$">SSLOptions +StdEnvVars
</FilesMatch><Directory /usr/lib/cgi-bin> SSLOptions +StdEnvVars</Directory>